ABSTRACT
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a serious coronavirus that has caused huge economic losses to the swine industry. Understanding the host factors and their interactions with PEDV is crucial for revealing the pathogenicity of PEDV. This study provided robust evidence that PEDV utilized non-muscle myosin IIA (NM-ⅡA) as an essential host factor to facilitate its infection. The expression of NM-ⅡA was found to be significantly up-regulated by PEDV infection in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, suppressing NM-ⅡA activity or expression inhibited PEDV proliferation, while overexpressing NM-ⅡA or even its tail domain had the opposite action. Importantly, the co-localization of PEDV with NM-ⅡA in cells, and the interaction between the PEDV S protein and NM-ⅡA, was validated by IFA and Co-IP, respectively. Mechanistically, NM-IIA achieved this function by interacting with the S protein via its tail domain. These findings reveal an essential role of NM-ⅡA in PEDV infection.
Subject(s)
Protein S DeficiencyABSTRACT
Emissions and meteorology are significant factors affecting aerosol pollution, but it is not sufficient to understand their relative contributions to aerosol pollution changes. In this study, the observational data and the chemical model (GRAPES_CUACE) are combined to estimate the drivers of PM2.5 changes in various regions (the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), the Central China (CC), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD)) between the first month after COVID-19 (FMC_2020) (i.e., from 23 January to 23 February 2020) and the corresponding period in 2019 (FMC_2019). The results show that PM2.5 mass concentration increased by 26% (from 61 to 77 µg m−3) in the BTH, while it decreased by 26% (from 94 to 70 µg m−3) in the CC, 29% (from 52 to 37 µg m−3) in the YRD, and 32% (from 34 to 23 µg m−3) in the PRD in FMC_2020 comparing with FMC_2019, respectively. In the BTH, although emissions reductions partly improved PM2.5 pollution (−5%, i.e., PM2.5 mass concentration decreased by 5% due to emissions) in FMC_2020 compared with that of FMC_2019, the total increase in PM2.5 mass concentration was dominated by more unfavorable meteorological conditions (+31%, i.e., PM2.5 mass concentration increased by 31% due to meteorology). In the CC and the YRD, emissions reductions (−33 and −36%) played a dominating role in the total decrease in PM2.5 in FMC_2020, while the changed meteorological conditions partly worsened PM2.5 pollution (+7 and +7%). In the PRD, emissions reductions (−23%) and more favorable meteorological conditions (−9%) led to a total decrease in PM2.5 mass concentration. This study reminds us that the uncertainties of relative contributions of meteorological conditions and emissions on PM2.5 changes in various regions are large, which is conducive to policymaking scientifically in China.